PHARMA Classifications Of Drugs PART #5 for B.Pharmacy Freshers | PHARMA LEARNERS | PHARMA GUIDANCE

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS - 5

 Anticancer Drugs

(Antineoplastic Drugs)

A. Drugs acting directly on cells (Cytotoxic drugs)

1. Alkylating agents Mechlorethamine (Mustine HCl)

Nitrogen mustards Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide,

Chlorambucil, Melphalan.

Ethylenimine Thio-TEPA

Alkyl sulfonate Busulfan

Nitrosoureas Carmustine (BCNU),

Lomustine (CCNU),

Triazine Dacarbazine (DTIC)

2. Antimetabolites

Folate antagonist Methotrexate (Mtx)

Purine 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP),

antagonist 6-Thioguanine (6-TG),

Azathioprine, Fludarabine

Pyrimidine 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Cytarabine

antagonist (cytosine arabinoside)

3. Vinca alkaloids Vincristine (Oncovin), Vinblastine

4. Taxanes Paclitaxel, Docetaxel

5. Epipodophyllo Etoposide

Toxin

6. Camptothecin Topotecan, Irinotecan

Analogues

7. Antibiotics Actinomycin D (Dactinomycin)

Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin

(Rubidomycin), Mitoxantrone

Bleomycins, Mitomycin C

8. Miscellaneous Hydroxyurea, Procarbazine,

L-Asparaginase, Cisplatin,

Carboplatin, Imatinib

B. Drugs altering hormonal milieu

1. Glucocorticoids Prednisolone and others

2. Estrogens Fosfestrol, Ethinylestradiol

3. Selective estrogen Tamoxifen, Toremifene

receptor modulators

4. Selective estrogen Fulvestrant

receptor down regulator

5. Aromatase inhibitors Letrozole, Anastrozole,

Exemestane

6. Antiandrogen Flutamide, Bicalutamide

7. 5-α reductase Finasteride, Dutasteride

inhibitors

8. GnRH analogues Naferelin, Triptorelin

9. Progestins Hydroxyprogesterone

caproate, etc.

 Miscellaneous Drugs

Immunosuppressants

1. Calcineurin inhibitors (Specific T-cell inhibitors)

Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin), Tacrolimus

2. Antiproliferative drugs (Cytotoxic drugs)

Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate,

Chlorambucil, Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF),

Sirolimus

3. Glucocorticoids

Prednisolone and others

4. Antibodies

Muromonab CD3, Antithymocyte globulin (ATG),

Rho(D) immuneglobulin

Chelating Agents

1. Dimercaprol (British Antilewisite, BAL): 5 mg/kg, followed

by 2–3 mg/kg every 4–8 hours for 2 days and then once daily for 10

days injected i.m.; BAL INJ 100 mg/2 ml in arachis oil inj.

2. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (Succimer)

3. Calcium disodium edetate (Ca Na2 EDTA): 1 g diluted

in 200–300 ml saline and infused i.v. over 1 hour twice daily for 3–

5 days, to be repeated after a week.

4. Calcium disodium DTPA

5. Penicillamine: 0.5–1 g daily in divided doses 1 hour before or 2

hour after meals to avoid chelation of dietary metals.

ARTAMIN,

CILAMIN 250 mg cap, ARTIN 150, 250 mg cap.

6. Desferrioxamine: For acute iron poisoning: 0.5–1 g (50 mg/kg)

i.m. 4–12 hourly as required or 10–15 mg/kg/hour (max 75 mg/kg

in one day) i.v. infusion; for transfusion siderosis in thalassemia

patients 0.5–1 g/day i.m.; DESFERAL 0.5 g/vial inj.

7. Deferiprone: 50–100 mg/kg oral daily in 2–4 divided doses;

KELFER 250, 500 mg caps.

Locally Acting Drugs on Skin and Mucous Membranes 135

Locally Acting Drugs on

Skin and Mucous Membranes

A. Demulcents

1. Gum Acacia: as 2–4% pseudosolution in water.

2. Gum Tragacanth: as 2–4% pseudosolution in water.

3. Glycyrrhiza: as glycyrrhiza dry extract 1–2 g or liquid extract

2–4 ml in lozenges and mixtures.

4. Methylcellulose: 0.5% in nose drops and contact lens

solution; CADILOSE 0.5% drops in 10 ml bottle.

5. Propylene glycol: 50% in water.

6. Glycerine: 10–50% in water.

B. Emollients

1. Vegetable oils: Olive oil, Arachis oil, Sesame oil,

Cocoa butter

2. Animal products: Wool fat, Lard, Bees wax, Spermaceti

3. Petroleum products: Paraffin wax (soft/hard),

Liquid paraffin

C. Adsorbants and Protectives

1. Dermal protectives: Magnesium stearate, Zinc

stearate, Talc, Calamine, Zinc oxide, Bentonite,

Starch, Boric acid, Aloe-vera gel

2. Occlusive protectives: Polyvinyl polymer,

Feracrylum, Dimethicone, Sucralfate

D. Astringents

1. Vegetable astringents

Tannic acid: as glycerine of tannic acid 25%

Tannins: as tincture catechu, tea leaf infusion

2. Alcohols

Ethanol, Methanol, Propanol

3. Mineral astringents

Alum, Aluminium hydroxychloride, Zinc oxide,

Zirconyl hydroxychloride

E. Counterirritants

1. Volatile oils

Turpentine oil, Eucalyptus oil, Clove oil

2. Stearoptenes

Camphor, Thymol, Menthol

3. Other counterirritants

Mustard seeds (as mustard plaster), Capsicum,

Canthridin, Methylsalicylate, Alcohol

F. Keratolytics and Caustics

Salicylic acid, Resorcinol, Podophyllum resin, Silver

nitrate, Phenol, Trichloracetic acid, Glacial acetic acid

G. Antiseborrheics

Selenium sulfide, Zinc pyrithione, Sulfur, Resorcinol,

Coal tar, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Topical corticosteroids

H. Melanizing agents

1. Psoralen: 10–20 mg (0.3–0.6 mg/kg) orally followed 2 hours later

by 15–30 min of exposure to sunlight/UV light; 0.25–1% local

application on vitiliginous lesion followed by 1 min (initially)

exposure to sunlight; exposure time is increased gradually as

tolerated; MANADERM 10 mg tab, 1% oint, PSORLINE 5 mg tab,

0.25% solution, 0.25% oint.

2. Methoxsalen: MACSORALEN 10 mg tab, 1% solution,

MELANOCYL 10 mg tab, 0.75% solution, 0.75% with

paraminobenzoic acid 2% oint. Use similar to psoralen.

3. Trioxsalen: NEOSORALEN 5, 25 mg tabs, 0.2% lotion. Use similar

to psoralen.

I. Demelanizing agents

1. Hydroquinone: 2–6% topical application; EUKROMA 4% cream,

MELALITE: Hydroquinone 2% with glycerylester of PABA 2.8%

cream, BRITE: hydroquinone 4%, glyceryl PABA 2.8% cream.

2. Monobenzone: 5–20% topical application; BENOQUIN 20% oint.

3. Azelaic acid: 10–20% topical application; AZIDERM 10%, 20% cream.

J. Sunscreens

1. Chemical sunscreens

Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA): 5–10% topical application;

PABALAK 5% solution, PARAMINOL 10% cream.

Oxybenzone: 2–6% topical application.

Octyl methoxy cinnamate: 5% topical application;

EUKROMA-SG: Oxybenzone 3%, Octyl methoxycinnamate 5%,

hydroquinone 2% cream.

SUNSHIELD: Octyl methoxycinnamae 5% , Vit E 0.25% lotion.

2. Physical sunscreens

Petroleum jelly (heavy), Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide,

Calamine

MELASCREEN: Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide, Octyl methoxycinnamate,

benzophenone, avobenzone lotion/cream.

K. Drugs for Psoriasis

1. Topical corticosteroids: (see p. 37)

2. Calcipotriol: 0.005% topical application on the lesions only;

DAIVONEX 0.005% oint.

3. Tazarotene: 0.05-0.1% topical application daily in the evening;

LATEZ 0.05% gel, 0.1% cream, TAZRET 0.05%, 0.1% cream.

Antiseptics and Disinfectants 139

4. Coaltar: 1-6% topical application;

EXTAR: Coaltar 6%, Salicylic acid 3%, Sulfur ppt 3% oint. TARSYL:

Coaltar 1%, Salicylic acid 3% lotion, IONAX-T coalter 4.25%, salicylic

acid 2% scalp lotion.

5. Acitretin: 0.5-0.75 mg/kg/day oral; ACITRIN, ACETEC 10, 25 mg

tabs.

6. Psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy

7. Immunosuppressants: Methotrexate, Etanercept

L. Drugs for Acne vulgaris

1. Topical therapy

Benzoyl peroxide: 2.5–10% topical application; PERSOL,

PERNOX, BENZAC-AC 2.5% and 5% gel; in PERSOL FORTE 10%

cream with sulfur ppt. 5%.

Tretinoin (Retinoic acid, all trans vitamin A acid):

0.025%–0.05% topical application; EUDYNA 0.05% cream, RETINOA

0.025% and 0.05% cream.

Adapalene: 0.1% topical application once daily at bed time;

ADAFERIN, ADAPEN, ACLENE 0.1% gel.

Azelaic acid: 10–20% topical application; AZIDERM 10%, 20%

cream.

Erythromycin: 2–4% topical application; ACNEDERM 2% lotion

and oint; ERYTOP 3% lotion and cream; ACNESOL 4% gel, 2%

lotion, ACNELAC-Z 4% lotion and gel with zinc acetate 2%.

Clindamycin: 1% topical application; CLINDAC-A, CLINCIN 1%

gel.

Nadifloxacin: 1% topical application; NADIBACT, NADOXIN

1% topical cream

2. Systemic therapy

Antibiotics: Tetracycline, Minocycline, Erythromycin

Retinoid: Isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) 0.5-1 mg/kg/

day; ISOTRETIN 10, 20 mg cap, IRET 20 mg cap.

Antiseptics and Disinfectants

1. Phenol derivatives:

Phenol, Cresol, Hexylresorcinol, Chloroxylenol,

Hexachlorophene.

2. Oxidizing agents:

Pot. permangnate, Hydrogen peroxide, Benzoyl

peroxide.

3. Halogens:

Iodine, Iodophores, Chlorine, Chlorophores.

4. Biguanide

Chlorhexidine.

5. Quaternary ammonium (Cationic);

Cetrimide, Benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran),

Dequalinium chloride.

6. Soaps:

of Sod. and Pot.

7. Alcohols:

Ethanol, Isopropanol.

8. Aldehydes:

Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde.

9. Acids:

Boric acid, Acetic acid.

10. Metallic salts:

Merbromin, Silver nitrate, Silver sulfadiazine, Mild

silver protein, Zinc sulfate, Calamine, Zinc oxide.

11. Dyes:

Gentian violet, Brilliant green, Acriflavine, Proflavine.

12. Furan derivative

Nitrofurazone.

Ectoparasiticides

1. Permethrin: For scabies: PERMITE, OMITE, NOMITE 5% cream;

apply all over the body except face and head; wash after 8–12 hours;

SCABERID 5% cream, 1% soap; SCABPER 5% lotion.

For head lice: PERLICE, KERALICE 1% cream rinse, SCALTIX 1%

lotion; massage about 30 g into the scalp, washoff after 10 min.

2. Lindane (Gamma benzene hexachloride, BHC):

For pediculosis: apply to scalp and hair (taking care not to enter eyes),

leave for 12–24 hr. (a shower cap may be used for long hair) and then

wash off. If lice are still present repeat treatment after 1 week.

For scabies: the lotion/cream is rubbed over the body (below neck)

and a scrub bath taken 12–24 hr later. Single treatment suffices in

most patients; can be repeated after a week;

GAB 1% lotion, ointment; GAMADERM, SCABOMA 1% lotion;

GAMASCAB 1% lotion, cream; ASCABIOL 1% emulsion with

cetrimide 0.1%.

3. Benzyl benzoate: Apply 25% emulsion/ointment all over body

(except face and neck) after a clinsing bath. Apply 2nd coat next

day and wash off 24 hour later;

DERMIN 25% lotion; SCABINDON 25% oint with DDT 1% and

benzocaine 2%, BENZYLBENZOATE APPLICATION 25% lotion.

4. Crotamiton: Apply 10% lotion/cream twice at 24 hour interval

and wash off the next day; CROTORAX 10% cream and lotion.

5. Sulfur: Apply 10% ointment daily for 3 days followed by soapwater

bath on 4th day.

6. Dicophane (DDT): Apply 1–2% lotion/ointment all over except

face, wash off next day; in SCABINDON 1% ointment with

benzylbenzoate 25% and benzocaine 2%.

7. Ivermectin: 12 mg (0.2 mg/kg) oral single dose for scabies, head

and body lice; IVERMECTOL, AVERTOL, IVERIN 3, 6 mg tabs, to

be taken on empty stomach.

VACCINES

Bacterial vaccines

Killed (Inactivated) Live attenuated

Typhoid-paratyphoid (TAB) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Vi Typhoid polysaccharide (BCG)

Cholera Typhoid-Ty 21a

Vaccines 143

Whooping cough (Pertussis)

Meningococcal

Haemophilus influenzae type b

Plague

Viral vaccines

Killed (Inactivated) Live attenuated

Poliomyelitis inactivated Poliomyelitis oral live

(IPV, Salk) (OPV, Sabin)

Rabies (Chick embryo Mumps (live attenuated)

cell, PCEV) Measles (live attenuated)

Rabies (Human diploid cell, Rubella (live attenuated)

HDCV) Varicella (live attenuated)

Rabies (Vero cell, PVRV)

Influenza

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis A

Toxoids

Tetanus (fluid/adsorbed)

Diphtheria (adsorbed)

Combined vaccines

Double antigen (DT-DA)

Triple antigen (DPT)

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)

Preparations

1. Typhoid: Paratyphoid A, B (TAB vaccine): 0.5 ml s.c.

2–3 injections at 2–4 week intervals.

2. Vi Typhoid polysaccharide vaccine: 0.5 ml s.c./i.m. once,

may be repeated after 3 years;

VACTYPH, TYPHIM Vi, TYPHIVAX 0.025 mg in 0.5 ml inj.

3. Typhoid: Ty 21a oral vaccine: 3 caps taken in 3 doses on

alternate days in between meals; TYPHORAL S. typhi strain

Ty21A 109 organism per cap.

4. Cholera vaccine: 0.5 ml s.c./i.m., repeat 1 ml after 4 weeks.

5. Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine: 0.25–0.5 ml s.c./

i.m. 3 doses at 4 week intervals in infants and children below 5

years age.

6. Meningococcal A & C vaccine: 0.5 ml s.c./i.m. single dose;

MENINGOCOCCAL A & C, MENCEVAX A & C 0.5 ml amp, 5 ml

vial.

7. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine: 0.5 ml i.m.

2 doses at 8 weeks gap for children over 1 year, infants 2–12 month

3 doses; VAXEM HIB, HIB-TITER 0.5 ml and 5.0 ml vial.

8. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: 0.05 ml

(neonate) 0.1 ml (older infants and children) intracutaneous

injection in deltoid region.

9. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV, Sabin vaccine): 0.5 ml

directly in the mouth at birth, and at 6, 10, 14 weeks, booster dose

at 15–18 month and at school entry.

10. Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV, Salk vaccine):

1 ml s.c. 3 injections at 4–6 week intervals and then 6–12 months later,

booster doses every 5 years.

11. Purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEV): 2.5 IU/ml

inj; 0.1 ml intradermal (i.d.) over deltoid of both arms on days 0,

3, 7 and over one arm only on days 28 and 90 (total 8 injections)

for post exposure prophylaxis of rabies; for primary prophylaxis

3 doses of 0.1 ml i.d. on days 0, 7 and 28; RABIPUR 1 ml inj.

12. Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV): 2.5 i.u./ml inj;

0.2 ml i.d. over both deltoids on days 0, 3 and 7 and over one

only on days 28 and 90 (total 8 injections), for post exposure

prophylaxis of rabies; for primary prophylaxis 3 doses of 0.1 ml

each i.d. on days 0, 7 and 28; MERIEUX HDC 2.5 IU inj.

13. Purified vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV): 2.5 i.u./ml inj;

0.2 ml i.d. over both deltoids on days 0, 3 and 7 and over one

only on days 28 and 90 (total 8 injections) for post exposure

prophylaxis of rabies; for primary prophylaxis 3 doses of 0.1 ml

each i.d. on days 0, 7 and 28; VERORAB 1 ml inj; VEROVAX-R

0.5 ml inj.

14. Influenza virus vaccine: 0.25 ml (6 month–3 year age), 0.5

ml (> 3 year age) i.m. 2 injections 1–2 months apart; VAXIGRIP

0.5 ml prefilled syringe.

15. Hepatitis B vaccine: 1 ml i.m. in deltoid muscle at 0, 1, 6

months (children < 10 yr 0.5 ml injection in the thigh); ENGERIXB,

ENIVAC-HB 1 ml (single dose) and 10 ml (multiple dose) vials.

Antisera and Immuneglobulins 145

16. Hepatitis A vaccine: 0.5 ml i.m. single dose, may be repeated

after 6 months; AVAXIM 0.5 ml prefilled syringe, HAVRIX

0.5 ml, 1.0 ml inj.

17. Measles vaccine live attenuated: 1000 TCID50 s.c. single

dose; ROUVAX, RIMEVAX, M-VAC 1000 TCID50/vial inj.

18. Rubella vaccine: 1000 TCID50 i.m./s.c. single dose; R-VAC

1000 TCID50 in 0.5 ml inj.

19. Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine: 0.5 ml i.m./

deep s.c. single dose; TRIMOVAX lyophilized measles 1000

TCID50 of Schwarz strain, mumps 5000 TCID50 and rubella 1000

TCID50 per unit dose (0.5 ml) vial.

TRESIVAC lyophilized measles 5000 TCID50 of Edmonston

Zagreb strain, mumps 5000 TCID50 and rubella 4000 TCID50 per

unit dose (0.5 ml) vial.

20. Varicella vaccine: 0.5 ml s.c. single dose for children 1–12

years, and 2 doses 6–10 weeks apart in those >12 years.

VARILRIX, OKAVAX 0.5 ml inj.

21. Tetanus toxoid: 0.5 ml i.m. (also s.c.) 2 doses 4–6 weeks apart

for primary immunization, booster dose every 10 years, or after

a risky wound; TETANUS TOXOID ADSORBED 0.5 ml amp, 5.0

ml vial.

22. Diphtheria toxoid: 0.5 ml i.m. 2–3 injections 4–6 weeks apart

in children below 6 years, booster doses after 1 year and at school

entry.

23. Double antigen (Diphtheria-Tetanus toxoids): 0.5 ml

i.m. 2–3 injections 4–8 weeks apart; DUAL ANTIGEN 0.5 ml amp,

5 ml vial.

24. Triple antigen (Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus, DPT):

0.5 ml i.m. 2–3 injections 4–8 weeks apart between 3–9 months

age, booster dose at 18 months age; TRIPVAC 0.5 ml amp, 10 ml

multidose vial.

Antisera and Immuneglobulins

Antisera (from Horse)

Tetanus antitoxin (ATS)

Gas gangrene antitoxin (AGS)

Diphtheria antitoxin (ADS)

Antirabies serum (ARS)

Antisnake venom polyvalent

Immuneglobulins (Human)

Normal human gamma globulin

Rho (D)immuneglobulin

Tetanus immuneglobulin

Rabies immuneglobulin

Hepatitis-B immuneglobulin